How a ‘harmless’ song reveals the quiet mechanics of India’s majoritarian nation-building

When I was in school, yoga was becoming popular as an exercise everywhere. My school decided to bring it into PE class, as pure fitness. I did it like everyone else, no questions asked.

When I went home and told my father, a theologian, what we’d been doing, he explained what yoga actually was – not just stretching and exercise, but that it has a spiritual practice that is rooted in another faith, with postures and breathing that were forms of worship long before they were forms of exercise. Once I understood that, I couldn’t in good conscience keep doing it as if it were just squats and stretches. While I completely recognise that many people find immense physical and mental benefit in yoga, I personally made a decision to stop. Ultimately it came down to aligning my daily routines with my personal spiritual and religious convictions

My parents and a few other Christian parents who felt strongly about it spoke to the principal and we were exempted from doing it. I remember being grateful for that. But I also remember what came with it – standing at the side while everyone else moved through the routine, the sideways glances, the questions from everyone asking why I was making such a big deal out of an exercise. Nobody punished me. But nobody had to. Standing out was punishment enough to make most kids just go along next time.

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When regulation becomes repression: The expanding question of state power in India

There are many laws in India that appear reasonable, fair and neutral on paper. They are framed as safeguards meant to prevent fraud, protect national interests, and ensure transparency. In principle, those are valid goals. But the real test of a law is not how it is written, but how it is implemented in practice.

In India today there is an increasingly troubling pattern of laws that claim to be neutral being used in ways that disproportionately affect certain groups, especially religious minorities.

What begins as regulation slowly becomes repression. What is presented as accountability begins to look like control.

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‘Conscience is not the business of the state’: India’s anti-conversion legislation has turned suspicion into the default posture of the law

In today’s India, the term ‘conversion’ carries a weight far heavier than its dictionary definition. It is invoked with suspicion, folded into political rhetoric, and increasingly framed as a threat to social stability. Yet conversion, at its core, is simply a change of belief, an act that is rooted in conscience. In any democracy, this should not be controversial. It should be protected without hesitation.

As India marked 77 years as a Republic last month, the moment invites more than celebration – it calls for reflection. How did a constitutional democracy that explicitly guaranteed freedom of conscience arrive at a point where changing one’s religion is so often treated as inherently suspect?

Conversion is not a transaction. It cannot be reduced to paperwork, nor can it be meaningfully regulated by administrative oversight. It is an individual’s decision, deeply personal and shaped by experience, reflection and choice – and sometimes by profound personal transformation.

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Even in death, Christians in India’s tribal communities are denied their rights and dignity

On 5 November the family of Gajendra Sahu, whose name has been changed for security reasons, attempted to bury him in his ancestral village of Kodekhursi, in Kanker District, in India’s Chhattisgarh State.

Gajendra had converted to Christianity three years previously. He had also given up drinking after years of alcohol addiction, but sadly passed away following a prolonged period of ill-health caused by it.

His relatives should have been permitted to lay him to rest in peace, however, because of his conversion to Christianity, residents of Kodekhursi refused to permit his burial within village boundaries, and even on his family’s own plot. Repeated requests for intervention from the authorities proved unsuccessful, and the family was ultimately forced to travel close to 200km – with a police escort – to the state capital Raipur where they were finally able to conduct a dignified funeral service in a Christian cemetery.

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India’s ‘freedom of religion’ laws have nothing to do with preventing forced conversions

On 20 August India’s Uttarakhand state government introduced significant amendments to its controversial anti-conversion law. Building on the original 2018 legislation and an initial round of amendments made in 2022, the Freedom of Religion and Prohibition of Unlawful Conversion (Amendment) Bill, 2025, imposes harsher punishments on a range of offences.

Individuals convicted of using allurement, misrepresentation or fraud to induce conversion now face anywhere from three to ten years in prison and a minimum fine of 50,000 rupees (approximately GBP £420). If the case involves a minor, a woman, a person with a disability, or a member of a Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe, these penalties are increased to five to 14 years in prison and a fine of at least 100,000 rupees (GBP £840).

‘Mass conversions’ and those involving foreign funding are punishable with seven to 14 years imprisonment and a minimum fine of 100,000 rupees, while punishments for cases involving threats, assault, human trafficking, or marriage as a pretext for conversion can extend to 20 years or life imprisonment, along with fines covering the victim’s medical and rehabilitation costs.

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